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The Cupeño are a Native American tribe from Southern California. Their name in their own language is Kuupangaxwichem.〔("California Indians and Their Reservations. ) ''SDSU Library and Information Access.'' (retrieved 18 May 2010)〕 They traditionally lived about inland and north of the modern day U.S.-Mexico border in the Peninsular Range of Southern California.〔 Today their descendants are members of the federally recognized tribes known as the Pala Band of Luiseno Mission Indians, Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians, and Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians.〔Pritzker, 125〕 ==History== Several different groups combined to form Cupeño culture around 1000 to 1200 CE. They were closely related to Cahuilla culture.〔Bean and Smith, 588〕 The Cupeño people traditionally lived in the mountains in the San Jose Valley at the headwaters of the San Luis Rey River.〔Pritzker, 124〕 They lived in two autonomous villages, Wilákalpa and Kúpa,〔Pritzker, 125〕 also spelled Cupa, located north of present-day Warner Springs, California. They also lived at Agua Caliente, located east of Lake Henshaw in an area crossed by State Highway 79 near Warner Springs. The Cupeño Indian village site is now abandoned but evidence of its historical importance remains.〔("Cupa: San Diego County" ), ''A History of American Indians in California: HISTORIC SITES'', National Park Service, accessed 18 Nov 2009〕 Spaniards entered Cupeño lands in 1795〔 and took control of the lands by the 19th century. After Mexico achieved independence, its government granted Juan Jose Warner, a naturalized American-Mexican citizen, nearly of the land on November 28, 1844. Warner, like most other large landholders in California at the time, depended primarily on Indian labor. The villagers of Kúpa provided most of Warner's workforce on his cattle ranch. The Cupeño continued to reside at what the Spanish called Agua Caliente after the American occupation of California in 1847 to 1848, during the Mexican-American War. They built an adobe ranch house in 1849 and barn in 1857, which are still standing. According to Julio Ortega, one of the oldest members of the Cupeño tribe, Warner set aside about of land surrounding the hot springs as the private domain of the Indians. Warner encouraged the Cupeño to construct a stone fence around their village and to keep their livestock separated from that of the ranch. Ortega felt that if the village had created its own boundaries, the Cupeño would still live there today.〔Morrison, 1962, p.21〕 In observing the Cupeño's living conditions in 1846, W. H. Emory, brevet major with the United States Army Corps of Engineers, described the Indians as being held in a state of serfdom by Warner, and as being ill-treated.〔May 1902, ''Out West'', p. 471〕 In 1849, Warner was arrested by the American forces for consorting with the Mexican government and was taken to Los Angeles. In 1851, because of several issues of conflict, Antonio Garra, a Cupeño from Warner's Ranch, tried to organize a coalition of various Southern California Indian tribes to drive out all of the European Americans.〔Bean and Smith, 589〕 His Garra Revolt failed, and settlers executed Garra. The Cupeño had attacked Warner and his ranch, burning some buildings. They lost structures at their settlement of Kúpa, too. Warner sent his family to Los Angeles, but continued to operate the ranch through others. After European contact and prior to the time of their eviction, the Cupeños sold milk, fodder, and some craftwork to travelers on the Southern Immigrant Trail, as well as to passengers on the stagecoaches of the Butterfield Overland Mail, which stopped at Warner's Ranch and passed through their valley. The women made lace and took in laundry, which they washed in the hot springs. The men carved wood and manufactured saddle pads for horses. They also raised cattle and cultivated of land. In 1880, after numerous suits and countersuits, European-American John G. Downey acquired all titles to the main portion of Warner's Ranch. In 1892, John G. Downey, former governor of California and owner since 1880, began proceedings to evict the Cupeño from the ranch property. Legal proceedings continued until 1903, when the court ruled in ''Barker v. Harvey'' against the Cupeño. The United States Government offered to buy new land for the Cupeño, but they refused. In 1903, Cecilio Blacktooth, Cupeño chief at Agua Caliente, said: "If you give us the best place in the world, it is not as good as this. This is our home. We cannot live anywhere else; we were born here, and our fathers are buried here."〔May 1902, ''Out West'', p.475〕 On May 13, 1903, the Cupa Indians were forced to move to Pala, California on the San Luis Rey River, away. Indians at the present-day reservations of Los Coyotes, San Ygnacio, Santa Ysabel, and Mesa Grande are among descendants of the Warner Springs Cupeño. Many Cupeño believe that their land at Kúpa will be returned to them. They are seeking legal relief to that end. The Cupa site serves as a rallying point for the land claims movement of contemporary Indian people, particularly their effort to regain cultural and religious areas. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cupeño people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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